Introduction
It is all too easy to understimate cells.We have known about them for such large fractions of our lives that for the most part, we cease being aware of how remarkable they really are.Almost, as soon as we learn our frist rudiments of science, we are told that al living beings are formed from cells , that cells come into existence from growth and division of preexisting ones,and that they may exixt either single as unicelleluar organisms or as parts of immensely complicated organisms that may contain billions of interacting, highly specialized units, like those of the eukaryotes.It has been their potential fro great diversity of size shape and fuction that has allowed evolution to proceed in such strikingly different directions.
It was relized that an organism does not pass on a simulacrum of itself to the next generation but instead it provides genetic material containing the information needed to construct a progeny organism.In eukaryotes, the genetic material is organized into discrete chromosomes. the chromosomes can be visualized in most cells during the process of cell division.As predicted by Mendel, the types of division in sexually reproducing organisms explain both the perpetuationof the genetic material within an organism and the process of inheritance.
Starting as a fertilized egg, and organism develops through many cell divions. The cell cycle falls into two parts:Interphase and the Mitosis phase.uring embryonic development, many or most of the somatic cells will be rpoceding through the cell cycle.At the end of each mitosis, each daughter cell can be seen to start its life with two copies, homologues, of each chromosomes. The total number of chromosomes is called the diploid set.The chromosomal complement of any cell, as visualized at mitosis, is called the karyotype.Karyotyping is a valuable research tool to determine the chromosome complement of cells. This thesis proposal is aiming to produce a karyotype of the chromosome complement of nativechicken Gallus gallus.The method of staining that wil be use for this study will be Centromeric-banding.
The main objective of the sutdy is to produce a C-banded Karyotype of the' chromosome complement of my subject specimen,Gallus gallus sp.
My undergraduate research proposal is limted only to its aim in producing a karyotype of the subject specimen using the Centromeric Banding technique of Chromosomes.However,how the centromeres of the chromosomes behave during the process of cell division will be tackled in deeper details.
Materials and Methods:
The subject specimens that will be utilized for this study are the typical native chicken species Gallus gallus sp.A species is shown below:
The metaphase chromosomes that will be used for karyotyping will be extracted from the germ/ reproductive cells of the developing embryo 4-6 weeks old.These chromosomes will then be banded by C-banding technique. Afterwards, the chromosome complement of the chicken chromosomes will be identified.The methods of staining through C-banding technique and the procedure for karyotyping are discussed later in this paper.
For this research study, the metaphase chromosomes will be stained and banded by centromeric-banding technique. This method was succesfully used in the Cytogenetics Laboratory of the Laboratory of Pathology in Seattle, Washington, USA.The principle involved is to specifically stain the centromeric regions and other regions containing constitutive heterochromatin, i.e., the secondary constrictions of human chromosomes. The roster of equipments, reagents and complete procedure is found here..
Aside from c-banding there are also other types of staining chromosomes:R-Banding, Q-Banding, G-Banding, etc. C-Banding was first investigated by Arrighi,Hsu in 1971(history of banding techniques).
After the chromosomes have been stained and banded, they are photographed, enlarged, then cut and arranged according to its chromosome complement.Karyotyping and effective and valuable research tool for the identifiacaton of the chromosome complement of any organism.An example of a karyotype is shown below:
due to time constraint the "Review of Literature"part will not be available this time.
Bibliography:
this one too!!.
researcher:joan mae mana
email:y8r2012@students.chiba-u.ac.jp
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